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Is there a history of chronic blood loss? A history of peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis, or other causes of chronic GI bleeding would indicate the anemia is most likely due ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there weight loss? If there is weight loss, one must consider a neoplasm, endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism or diabetes mellitus, malnutrition or malabsorption, and ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there dyspnea? If there is a history of dyspnea, heart disease or lung disease should be suspected.
Is there a history of drug or alcohol ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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... Anemia is defined as a hemoglobin <13.5 g/dL in men or <12.0 g/dL in women. Etiologies are categorized by decreased RBC production, increased RBC destruction, and/or blood loss.>>... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Fatigue is a very common, although nonspecific, presenting symptom that refers to the sensation of exhaustion during or after usual activities, or a feeling of inadequate energy to begin these activities. Fatigue is a difficult... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Insomnia may be a primary diagnosis or a complaint or symptom secondary to an underlying acute or chronic disorder. Many patients have insomnia but do not tell their doctors, so questions about sleep quality should be asked... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Anemia is decreased concentration of red cells or hemoglobin in the peripheral blood, resulting in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. It results from blood loss, decreased or failed production of red blood cells, or... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Complaints of fatigue indicate a general state of decreased endurance for, or interest in, activities. It is typically associated with tiredness and sleepiness. Depression as a cause of fatigue in adolescents... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Distal weakness is most likely secondary to neuropathy, and is often associated with loss of deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) either with or without sensory abnormalities. In contrast, increased DTRs or extensor... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Proximal weakness is usually due to dysfunction of the lower motor unit; that is, anterior horn cells in the spinal cord, neuromuscular junction (NMJ), or the muscle itself. The neurologic examination, EMG, and nerve... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... In developing a list of diagnostic possibilities in cases of anemia physiology is the key. Anemia may be caused by a decrease in red cell production, a break in the transport system (blood loss), or excessive
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... It is customary to assume that the cause of the disorder is psychogenic and simply to prescribe a sleeping pill to anyone suffering from insomnia, hoping that it will go away by itself. Although this may be
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... The analysis of the causes of weakness depends on a knowledge of both anatomy and biochemistry. Strength depends on an intact healthy muscle, peripheral nerve, and lower and upper motor neuron pathways
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... Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness, a lack of energy, or exhaustion accompanied by a strong desire to rest or sleep. This common symptom is distinct from weakness, which involves the muscles, but... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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... Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep, remain asleep, or feel refreshed by sleep. Acute and transient during periods of stress, insomnia may become chronic, causing constant fatigue, extreme anxiety as bedtime... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Muscle weakness is detected by observing and measuring the strength of an individual muscle or muscle group. It can result from a malfunction in the cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, spinal cord, nerve roots, peripheral nerves, or... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Acute or Subacute*
Electrolyte abnormality
Hyperkalemia
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... Aplastic, or hypoplastic, anemias result from injury to or destruction of stem cells in bone marrow or the bone marrow matrix, causing pancytopenia (anemia, granulocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia) and bone marrow hypoplasia. Although... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Folic acid deficiency anemia is a common, slowly progressive, megaloblastic anemia. It usually occurs in infants, adolescents, pregnant and lactating females, alcoholics, elderly people, and people with malignant or... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Iron deficiency anemia is caused by an inadequate supply of iron for optimal formation of red blood cells (RBCs), resulting in smaller (microcytic) cells with less color on staining. Body stores of iron, including plasma iron,... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Pernicious anemia, also known as Addison’s anemia, is a megaloblastic anemia characterized by decreased gastric production of hydrochloric acid and deficiency of intrinsic factor (IF), a substance normally secreted... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... A congenital hemolytic anemia that occurs primarily but not exclusively in blacks, sickle cell anemia results from a defective hemoglobin (Hb) molecule (HbS) that causes red blood... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Sideroblastic anemias are a group of heterogenous disorders with a common defect; they fail to use iron in hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis, despite the availability of adequate iron stores. These anemias may be hereditary or... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Sometimes called chronic Epstein-Barr virus, or myalgic encephalomyelitis, chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome is typically marked by... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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Fatigue
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness, lack of energy, or exhaustion accompanied by a strong desire to rest or sleep. This common symptom is distinct from weakness,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling
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Insomnia
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep, remain asleep, or feel refreshed by sleep. Acute and transient during periods of stress, insomnia may become chronic, causing constant fatigue, extreme anxiety as bedtime approaches, and... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Muscle weakness is detected by observing and measuring the strength of an individual muscle or muscle group. It can result from a malfunction in the cerebral hemispheres, brain stem,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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Anemia
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... S. Shekar Chakravarthi
Anemia is defined as a reduction of more than 10% below mean values in the quantity or quality of the concentration of red blood cells (RBC) or circulating... Pictures
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Fatigue
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Meg Hayes
Fatigue is both a normal human response as well as a symptom of physical or psychological disease. It is a subjective sensation that is multicausal and nonspecific for which... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing. ... Diagnostic assessment
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Insomnia
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Charles E. Henley
Insomnia is more than just being unable to fall asleep. It is a subjective condition of insufficient or nonrestorative sleep despite an adequate opportunity to sleep (1). The Institute of... Approach. ... History ... Physical examination. ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Differential Overview
❑ Iron deficiency
❑ Chronic disease
❑ Vitamin B12 deficiency ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
❑ Infectious mononucleosis
❑ Depression
❑ Diabetes
&... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Aplastic and hypoplastic anemias result from injury to or destruction of stem cells in bone marrow or the bone marrow matrix, causing pancytopenia (anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia) and bone marrow hypoplasia... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS) — also known as chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], benign myalgic encephalomyelitis, and “Yuppie flu... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... A common, slowly progressive megaloblastic anemia, folic acid deficiency anemia is most prevalent in infants, adolescents, pregnant and lactating females, alcoholics, elderly people, and people with malignant or... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... With iron deficiency anemia, an inadequate supply of iron for optimal formation of red blood cells (RBCs) results in smaller (microcytic) cells with less color on staining. Body stores of iron, including plasma iron, decrease, as does... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Prevention ... Pictures
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... A megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia (also called Addison’s anemia) is characterized by decreased gastric production of hydrochloric acid and deficiency of intrinsic factor (IF), a substance normally secreted by... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... A congenital hemolytic anemia that occurs primarily, but not exclusively, in blacks, sickle cell anemia results from a defective hemoglobin (Hb) molecule (Hb S) that causes red blood cells (RBCs) to roughen and become sickle shaped.... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Sideroblastic anemias, a group of heterogenous disorders, produce a common defect — failure to use iron in hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis, despite the availability of adequate iron stores. These anemias... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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Fatigue
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
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... Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness, lack of energy, or exhaustion accompanied by a strong desire to rest or sleep. This common symptom is distinct from weakness, which involves the muscles, but may occur with it. ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep, remain asleep, or feel refreshed by sleep. Acute and transient during periods of stress, insomnia may become chronic, causing constant fatigue, extreme anxiety as... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Muscle weakness is detected by observing and measuring the strength of an individual muscle or muscle group. It can result from a malfunction in the cerebral hemispheres,... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Fatigue
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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...Defined as lack of energy for activitiesand decreased endurance for them. Principal Causes of Fatigue Physiologiccauses Pathologic causes Anemia ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... A decreasein blood Hgb concentration or Hct (a measure of red cell mass) thatis 2 standard deviations below mean for age and gender is definedas anemia. Pallor as... Principal Causes of Pallor (Anemia) ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Table 45.1. Hemoglobin Electrophoretic Patterns of Common Hemoglobinopathiesin Cord and Adult Blood ... Diagnostic Approach ... Table 45.2. Morphologic Classification of Anemia Based on Red CellMean Corpuscular Volume ... Table 45.3. Abnormal Blood Smear Findings and Possible Causes ... References
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... Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness, a lack of energy, or exhaustion accompanied by a strong desire to rest or sleep. This common symptom is distinct from weakness, which involves the muscles, but... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep, remain asleep, or feel refreshed by sleep. Acute and transient during periods of stress, insomnia may become chronic, causing constant fatigue, extreme anxiety as bedtime approaches... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Muscle weakness is detected by observing and measuring the strength of an individual muscle or muscle group. It can result from a malfunction in the cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, spinal cord, nerve roots, peripheral nerves, or... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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...
In developing a list of diagnostic possibilities in cases of anemia,
physiology is the key. Anemia may be caused by a decrease in red cell
production, a break in the transport system (blood loss), or excessive red... Pictures
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...
It is customary to assume that the cause of the disorder is psychogenic
and simply to prescribe a sleeping pill to anyone suffering from insomnia,
hoping that it will go away by itself. Although... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
The analysis of the causes of weakness depends on a knowledge of both
anatomy and biochemistry. Strength depends on an intact
healthy muscle,... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
