Priapism
A urologic emergency, priapism is a persistent, painful erection that's unrelated to sexual excitation. This relatively rare sign may begin during sleep and appear to be a normal erection, but it may last for several hours or days. It's usually accompanied by a severe, constant, dull aching in the penis. Despite the pain, the patient may be too embarrassed to seek medical help and may try to achieve detumescence through continued sexual activity.
Priapism occurs when the veins of the corpora cavernosa fail to drain correctly, resulting in persistent engorgement of the tissues. Without prompt treatment, penile ischemia and thrombosis occur. In about one-half of all cases, priapism is idiopathic and develops without apparent predisposing factors. Secondary priapism can result from a blood disorder, neoplasm, trauma, or the use of certain drugs.
Action stat!
If the patient has priapism, apply an ice pack to the penis, administer an analgesic, and insert an indwelling urinary catheter to relieve urine retention. Procedures to remove blood from the corpora cavernosa, such as irrigation and surgery, may be required.
History and physical examination
Ask the patient when the priapism began. Is it continuous or intermittent? Has he had a prolonged erection before? If so, what did he do to relieve it? How long did he remain detumescent? Does he have pain or tenderness when he urinates? Has he noticed changes in sexual function?
Explore the patient's medical history. If he reports sickle cell anemia, find out about factors that could precipitate a crisis, such as dehydration and infection. Ask if he has recently suffered genital trauma, and obtain a thorough drug history. Ask if he has had drugs injected or objects inserted into his penis. Obtain a complete drug history. Note use of medications for erectile dysfunction (ED) (phosphodiesterase inhibitors).
Examine the patient's penis, noting its color and temperature. Check for loss of sensation and signs of infection, such as redness or drainage. Finally, take his vital signs, particularly noting a fever.
Medical causes
Penile cancer.Cancer that exerts pressure on the corpora cavernosa can cause priapism. Usually, the first sign is a painless ulcerative lesion or an enlarging warty growth on the glans or foreskin, which may be accompanied by localized pain, a foul-smelling discharge from the prepuce, a firm lump near the glans, and lymphadenopathy. Later findings include bleeding, dysuria, urine retention, and bladder distention. Phimosis and poor hygiene have been linked to the development of penile cancer.
Sickle cell anemia.With sickle cell anemia, painful priapism can occur without warning, usually on awakening. The patient may have a history of priapism, impaired growth and development, and an increased susceptibility to infection. Related findings include tachycardia, pallor, weakness, hepatomegaly, dyspnea, joint swelling, joint or bone aching, chest pain, fatigue, murmurs, leg ulcers and, possibly, jaundice and gross hematuria.
With sickle cell crisis, signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia may worsen and others, such as abdominal pain and a low-grade fever, may appear.
Spinal cord injury.With spinal cord injury, the patient may be unaware of the onset of priapism. Related effects depend on the extent and level of injury and may include autonomic signs such as bradycardia.
Stroke.A stroke may cause priapism, but sensory loss and aphasia may prevent the patient from noticing or describing it. Other findings depend on the stroke's location and extent, but may include contralateral hemiplegia, seizures, headache, dysarthria, dysphagia, ataxia, apraxia, and agnosia. Visual deficits include homonymous hemianopsia, blurring, decreased acuity, and diplopia. Urine retention or incontinence, fecal incontinence, constipation, and vomiting may also occur.
Other causes
Drugs.Priapism can result from the use of a phenothiazine, thioridazine, trazodone, an androgenic steroid, an anticoagulant, or an antihypertensive. It may also occur after an intracorporeal injection of papaverine, a common treatment for impotence, or phosphodiesterase inhibitors (used with ED).
Nursing considerations
▪ Prepare the patient for blood tests to help determine the cause of priapism.
▪ If he requires surgery, keep his penis flaccid postoperatively by applying a pressure dressing.
▪ At least once every 30 minutes, inspect the glans for signs of vascular compromise, such as coolness or pallor.
Patient teaching
▪ Explain the underlying condition and its treatments.
▪ Tell the patient with sickle cell anemia to report episodes of priapism.
Book Source Details
- Book Title: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms
- Author(s): Springhouse
- Year of Publication: 2007
- Copyright Details: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Other Book Chapters Related to Male sexual symptoms
Read excerpts from these other book chapters related to Male sexual symptoms:
Medical Books Excerpts
- IMPOTENCE
- "Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs" (2003)
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- PRIAPISM
- "Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs" (2003)
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- IMPOTENCE
- "Differential Diagnosis in Primary Care" (2007)
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- PRIAPISM
- "Differential Diagnosis in Primary Care" (2007)
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- Impotence
- "Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition)" (2006)
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- Priapism
- "Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition)" (2006)
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- Impotence
- "A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis" (1999)
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- Impotence
- "Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition)" (2006)
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- Priapism
- "Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition)" (2006)
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- Impotence
- "The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter" (2000)
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- Priapism
- "The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter" (2000)
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- Scrotal swelling
- "Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series" (2007)
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- Impotence
- "Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms" (2007)
- [ read ]
- Priapism
- "Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms" (2007)
- [ read ]
- IMPOTENCE
- "Differential Diagnosis in Primary Care" (2007)
- [ read ]
- PRIAPISM
- "Differential Diagnosis in Primary Care" (2007)
- [ read ]
Copyright Details: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, Copyright © 2008 Williams & Wilkins.
More About Causes of Male sexual symptoms
» Next page: Scrotal swelling (Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
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