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16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE! Free online access (without registration) to excerpts of published medical book chapters related to Meningitis are available from the following published medical books for more detailed information about Meningitis.
Here are chapters about Meningitis from the online medical books listed above:
... Is there a history of drug, caffeine, or alcohol ingestion? The hangover headache is well known and should not present a problem in diagnosis. Caffeine withdrawal headaches are also common because of the ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Is there a history of exposure to drugs or toxins? Quinine, cocaine, atropine, and ApresolineŽ are just a few of the drugs that may cause photophobia. Are there abnormalities on the eye examination? Almost any condition ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Headache is one of the most common primary care complaints. It may be an isolated or recurrent event; it may be idiopathic or secondary to an underlying structural lesion; or it may simply require an analgesic for pain relief or a complete and detailed... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Photophobia is ocular pain or discomfort upon exposure to light. It may be a symptom of a primary ocular disorder or underlying central nervous system disorder and should always be evaluated, unless a known etiology (e.g., migraine headache) is... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment ... READ EXCERPTS »
... By age 7, 40% of children will have experienced headaches. By age 15, this figure rises to 75%. Headache can be the presenting symptom of a neurologic emergency such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, or of a chronic and common disease such as migraine... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Nuchal rigidity is characterized by involuntary muscle spasms that limit passive neck flexion. Although it has myriad causes, meningeal irritation may occur secondary to infection, so patients must be evaluated emergently for meningitis/focal infection. Cervical muscle spasms... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment ... READ EXCERPTS »
... This symptom is best analyzed by using anatomy, as seen in Tables 32 and 33 , but differentiation by pathophysiology is interesting, particularly in muscle traction headaches and migraines. ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Finding nuchal rigidity on examination has almost invariably prompted the diagnosis of meningitis and lumbar puncture, but the astute clinician will want to consider other possibilities to avoid a potentially hazardous procedure. Anatomy is the ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Sensitivity to light may be due to local eye disease or systemic disease, but in both cases it is usually due to inflammation, with three exceptions: albinism because there is poor pigmentation of the iris and choroid, allowing more light to get in; migraine, where ... READ EXCERPTS »
... A positive Brudzinski's sign (flexion of the hips and knees in response to passive flexion of the neck) signals meningeal irritation. Passive flexion of the neck stretches the nerve roots, causing pain and involuntary flexion of the knees and hips. Brudzinski's sign is... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... The most common neurologic symptom, headaches may be localized or generalized, producing mild to severe pain About 90% of all headaches are benign and can be described as vascular, muscle-contraction, or a combination of both. (See Clinical features of headache, page... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... A reliable early indicator and tool used to diagnose meningeal irritation, Kernig’s sign elicits resistance and hamstring muscle pain when the examiner attempts to extend the knee while the hip and knee are flexed 90 degrees. However, when the patient... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Commonly an early sign of meningeal irritation, nuchal rigidity refers to neck stiffness that prevents flexion. To elicit this sign, attempt to passively flex the patient’s neck and touch his chin to his chest. If nuchal rigidity is present, this... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... READ EXCERPTS »
... A common symptom, photophobia is an abnormal sensitivity to light. In many patients, photophobia simply indicates increased eye sensitivity without underlying pathology. For example, it can stem from wearing contact lenses excessively or using poorly fitted lenses. However, in... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Muscle contraction (tension) Migraine Cluster (histamine) headache Nonmigrainous vascular causes Effort (physical activity) ... READ EXCERPTS »
... The most common patient complaint, headache usually occurs as a symptom of an underlying disorder. Ninety percent of all headaches are vascular, muscle contraction, or a combination; 10% are due to underlying intracranial, systemic, or psychological... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Two major meningococcal infections (meningitis and meningococcemia) are caused by the gram-negative bacteria Neisseria meningitidis, which also causes primary pneumonia, purulent conjunctivitis, endocarditis, sinusitis, and genital infection. Meningococcemia occurs as simple... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Signs and Symptoms Nuchal rigidity, Brudzinski’s and Kernig’s signs, exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, opisthotonos, sinus arrhythmias, irritability, photophobia, deep stupor, coma Treatment (Tx) Antibiotics,... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... West Nile encephalitis is categorized as an infectious disease that primarily causes an inflammation or “encephalitis” of the brain. West Nile virus (WNV), a flavivirus commonly found in humans, birds, and other vertebrates in Africa, west Asia, and the... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Signs and Symptoms Sudden onset of fever, headache, vomiting, meningeal irritation (stiff neck and back), drowsiness, coma, paralysis, seizures, ataxia, psychoses Treatment (Tx) Anticonvulsants, acyclovir (if viral), glucocorticoids... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... A positive Brudzinski’s sign (flexion of the hips and knees in response to passive flexion of the neck) signals meningeal irritation. Passive flexion of the neck stretches the nerve roots, causing pain and involuntary flexion of the knees and... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... The most common neurologic symptom, headaches may be localized or generalized, producing mild to severe pain. About 90% of all headaches are benign and can be described as vascular, muscle-contraction, or a combination of both. (See Comparing... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Commonly an early sign of meningeal irritation, nuchal rigidity refers to stiffness of the neck that prevents flexion. To elicit this sign, attempt to passively flex the patient’s neck and touch his chin to his chest. If nuchal rigidity is... Emergency Interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... READ EXCERPTS »
... A common symptom, photophobia is an abnormal sensitivity to light. In many patients, photophobia simply indicates increased eye sensitivity without any underlying pathology. For example, it can stem from excessive wearing of contact lenses or use of poorly fitted... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Robert B. Taylor Headache is one of the 20 most frequent reasons patients visit primary care providers in the United States. Migraine headache, one of the common causes of recurrent headache, occurred one or more times... Approach. ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Differential Overview ❑ Migraine ❑ Tension ❑ Acute sinusitis ❑ Acute glaucoma &... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... The most common patient complaint, headache usually occurs as a symptom of an underlying disorder. Ninety percent of all headaches are vascular, muscle contraction, or a combination; 10% are due to underlying intracranial, systemic, or psychological disorders. ... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... West Nile encephalitis, part of a family of vectorborne diseases that also includes malaria, yellow fever, and Lyme disease, is an infectious disease that primarily causes encephalitis (inflammation) of the brain. It’s caused by the West Nile... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... READ EXCERPTS »
... A severe inflammation of the brain, encephalitis is usually caused by a mosquito-borne or, in some areas, a tick-borne virus. Viruses transmitted by arthropods are arboviruses (arthropod-borne). Transmission by means other than arthropod bites... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... A reliable early indicator and tool used to diagnose meningeal irritation, Kernig’s sign elicits both resistance and hamstring muscle pain when the examiner attempts to extend the knee while the hip and knee are both flexed 90 degrees. However, when the patient... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... A positive Brudzinski’s sign (flexion of the hips and knees in response to passive flexion of the neck) signals meningeal irritation. Passive flexion of the neck stretches the nerve roots, causing pain and involuntary flexion of the knees and hips. ... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... The most common neurologic symptom, headaches may be localized or generalized, producing mild to severe pain. About 90% of all headaches are benign and can be described as vascular, muscle-contraction, or a combination of both. (See Comparing ... READ EXCERPTS »
... A reliable early indicator and tool used to diagnose meningeal irritation, Kernig’s sign elicits resistance and hamstring muscle pain when the examiner attempts to extend the knee while the hip and knee are both flexed 90 degrees. However, when the patient... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Commonly an early sign of meningeal irritation, nuchal rigidity refers to stiffness of the neck that prevents flexion. To elicit this sign, attempt to passively flex the patient’s neck and touch his chin to his chest. If nuchal rigidity is... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... A common symptom, photophobia is an abnormal sensitivity to light. In many patients, photophobia simply indicates increased eye sensitivity without any underlying pathology. For example, it can stem from excessive wearing of contact lenses or use of poorly fitted lenses.... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
...In most children, headache is not due toa serious cause. Diagnostic dilemma is to determine which childrenhave serious underlying pathology. Principal Causes of Headache Tension-typeheadache Vascular headache ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Table 25.1. Anatomic Location of Common Intracranial Neoplasms ... Diagnostic Approach ... References ... READ EXCERPTS »
... A positive Brudzinski's sign (flexion of the hips and knees in response to passive flexion of the neck) signals meningeal irritation. Passive flexion of the neck stretches the nerve roots, causing pain and involuntary flexion of the knees and hips. Brudzinski's sign is a... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... The most common neurologic symptom, headaches may be localized or generalized, producing mild to severe pain. About 90% of headaches are benign and can be described as vascular, muscle-contraction, or a combination of both. (See Clinical features of headache, page 298.) Occasionally,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... A reliable early indicator and tool used to diagnose meningeal irritation, Kernig's sign is hamstring stiffness and muscle pain when the examiner attempts to extend the knee while the hip and knee are flexed 90 degrees. This pain causes resistance to... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Commonly an early sign of meningeal irritation, nuchal rigidity refers to neck stiffness that prevents flexion. To elicit this sign, attempt to passively flex the patient's neck and touch his chin to his chest. If nuchal rigidity is present, this maneuver triggers pain and... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... READ EXCERPTS »
... A common symptom, photophobia is an abnormal sensitivity to light. In many patients, photophobia simply indicates increased eye sensitivity without an underlying disorder. For example, it can stem from wearing contact lenses excessively or using poorly... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Finding nuchal rigidity on examination has almost invariably prompted the diagnosis of meningitis and lumbar puncture, but the astute clinician will want to consider other possibilities to avoid a potentially hazardous procedure. ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »
... Sensitivity to light may be due to local eye disease or systemic disease, but in both cases it is usually due to inflammation, with three exceptions: albinism because there is poor pigmentation of the iris and choroid, ... READ EXCERPTS »
Copyright notice for book excerpts: Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved.
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