Diagnosis of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Diagnostic Test list for Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:
The list of medical tests
mentioned in various sources as
used in the diagnosis of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
includes:
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Diagnosis: Book Excerpts
Tests and diagnosis discussion for Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:
By listening through a stethoscope, a physician may hear the abnormal heart
sounds characteristic of hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy The electrocardiogram
(EKG, or ECG) may help diagnose the condition by detecting changes in the
electrical activity of the heart as it beats.
Echocardiography
is one of the best tools for diagnosing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It uses
sound waves to detect the extent of muscle-wall thickening and to assess the
status of the heart's functioning.
Physicians also may request radionuclide studies to gather added information
about the disease's effect on how the heart is pumping blood.
Other tests that also may provide useful information are the chest x ray, cardiac
catheterization , and a heart muscle biopsy. (Source: excerpt from NHLBI, Cardiomyopathy: NHLBI)
Diagnosis of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: medical news summaries:
The following medical news items
are relevant to diagnosis and misdiagnosis issues for Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:
Diagnostic Tests for Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about diagnostis of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Asymmetric Limbs:
Differential Diagnosis
(In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms)
-
Physiologic: Left leg is often longer than right, and right arm is longer than left, though it is usually not noticeable
-
Disturbances of bone
–Increased blood flow such as occurs in arthritis (infectious, inflammatory), neoplasms, or AVM
–Premature closure of epiphysis occurs with infection, fracture, radiation therapy, JRA
–Fracture may also result in malposition or
malunion
–Diaphyseal operations (bone grafts,
osteotomy)
–Developmental dysplasia of the hip
–Coxa vara, tibia vara (Blount disease)
–Hypoplastic bones (short femur)
–Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
–SCFE
–Syndromes such as Albright; Ollier disease;
neurofibromatosis
–Rickets
- Hemihypertrophy
–Idiopathic: May be associated with other anomalies involving GU tract, hemangiomas, mental retardation, and pigmented skin lesions
–Associated with tumors: Wilms, adrenocortical, hepatoblastoma
–Associated with dysmorphogenic syndromes: Beckwith-Wiedemann, Russell-Silver,
Proteus
–Associated with soft tissue abnormalities: Lymphedema, Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome
-
Neuromuscular disorders
–Cerebral palsy
–Poliomyelitis
–Myelomeningocele
–Peripheral neuropathy
–Focal cerebral lesions (Sturge-Weber
syndrome)
–Stroke (due to coagulopathies, sickle cell disease)
-
Hemophilia (bleeding into a joint)
-
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD)
-
Congenital syphilis
-
Absence or hypoplasia of thumb and radius (Holt-Oram syndrome, TAR syndrome)
Workup and Diagnosis
- History
–Past medical and surgical history
–Constitutional symptoms (fever, fatigue, weight loss)
–Family history of similar disorder
- Physical exam
–Joint exam should include erythema, warmth, swelling, hyperflexibility, decreased range of motion, tenderness including pain localized to bone
–Leg-length discrepancy can be measured from symphysis pubis to lateral malleoli while patient is supine or by putting blocks of various thickness under the short leg until pelvis is leveled
–Dysmorpic features, skin lesions
–Neurologic exam for muscle weakness, decreased tone, reflexes, mental status
- Labs
–Infectious and inflammatory markers such as CBC, ESR, CRP, viral or bacterial titers and/or cultures; tumor markers; chromosomal analysis and genetic markers
–Radiologic evaluation as indicated by history and physical exam to find abnormalities in any part of musculoskeletal system (lytic lesions, soft tissue and joint swelling)
–Bone age
–Leg lengths measured by teleoroentgenogram,
orthoradiograph, scanogram, or CT
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:
Diagnosis
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Diagnosis depends on typical clinical findings and these test results:
❑ Echocardiography (most useful) shows increased thickness of the intra-ventricular septum and abnormal motion of the anterior mitral leaflet during systole, occluding left ventricular outflow in obstructive disease.
❑ Cardiac catheterization reveals elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and, possibly, mitral insufficiency.
❑ Electrocardiography usually shows left ventricular hypertrophy, T-wave inversion, left anterior hemiblock, Q waves in precordial and inferior leads, ventricular arrhythmias and, possibly, atrial fibrillation.
❑ Auscultation confirms an early systolic murmur.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Dilated cardiomyopathy:
Diagnosis
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
No single test confirms dilated cardiomyopathy. Diagnosis requires elimination of other possible causes of heart failure and arrhythmias.
❑ Electrocardiography (ECG) and angiography rule out ischemic heart disease; ECG may also show biventricular hypertrophy, sinus tachycardia, atrial enlargement and, in 20% of patients, atrial fibrillation and bundle-branch block.
❑ Chest X-ray shows cardiomegaly — usually affecting all heart chambers — and may demonstrate pulmonary congestion, pleural or pericardial effusion, or pulmonary venous hypertension.
❑ Chest computed tomography scan or echocardiography identifies left ventricular thrombi, global hypokinesia, and degree of left ventricular dilation.
❑ Nuclear heart scans, such as multiple-gated acquisition scanning and ventriculography, show heart enlargement, lung congestion, heart failure, and decreased movement or functioning of the heart.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Restrictive cardiomyopathy:
Diagnosis
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
❑ In advanced stages of this disease, chest X-ray shows massive cardiomegaly, affecting all four chambers of the heart; pericardial effusion; and pulmonary congestion.
❑ Echocardiography, computed tomography scan, or magnetic resonance imaging rules out constrictive pericarditis as the cause of restricted filling by detecting increased left ventricular muscle mass and differences in end-diastolic pressures between the ventricles.
❑ Electrocardiography may show low-voltage complexes, hypertrophy, atrioventricular conduction defects, or arrhythmias.
❑ Arterial pulsation reveals blunt carotid upstroke with small volume.
❑ Cardiac catheterization shows increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and rules out constrictive pericarditis as the cause of restricted filling.
Restrictive cardiomyopathy may be difficult to differentiate from constrictive pericarditis. A biopsy of heart muscle may be used to confirm the diagnosis. A cardiac catheterization procedure can also help differentiate the type of cardiomyopathy through simultaneous left- and right-heart catheterization. In some cases, surgical exploration and biopsies are the only means to distinguish the type of cardiomyopathy or to differentiate it from pericarditis.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Septal perforation and deviation:
Diagnosis
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Although clinical features suggest septal perforation or deviation, confirmation requires inspection of the nasal mucosa with a bright light and a nasal speculum.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic:
Diagnosis
(Handbook of Diseases)
❑ Echocardiography (most useful) shows increased thickness of the intraventricular septum and abnormal motion of the anterior mitral leaflet during systole, occluding left ventricular outflow in obstructive disease.
❑ Cardiac catheterization reveals elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and, possibly, mitral insufficiency.
❑ Electrocardiography usually demonstrates left ventricular hypertrophy, T-wave inversion, left anterior hemiblock, Q waves in precordial and inferior leads, ventricular arrhythmias and, possibly, atrial fibrillation.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Cardiomyopathy, dilated:
Diagnosis
(Handbook of Diseases)
❑ Echocardiography confirms the presence of dilated cardiomyopathy.
❑ Exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy may suggest underlying coronary artery disease.
❑ Electrocardiography (ECG) and angiography are used to rule out ischemic heart disease; ECG may also show biventricular hypertrophy, sinus tachycardia, atrial enlargement and, in 20% of patients, atrial fibrillation and bundle-branch heart block.
❑ Chest X-ray demonstrates cardiomegaly — usually affecting all heart chambers — and may demonstrate pulmonary congestion, pleural or pericardial effusion, or pulmonary hypertension.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Cardiomyopathy, restrictive:
Diagnosis
(Handbook of Diseases)
❑ Chest X-ray shows massive cardiomegaly in advanced stages of this disease, affecting all four chambers of the heart; pericardial effusion; and pulmonary congestion.
❑ Echocardiography is used to rule out constrictive pericarditis as the cause of restricted filling by detecting increased left ventricular muscle mass and differences in end-diastolic pressures between the ventricles.
❑ Electrocardiography may show low-voltage complexes, hypertrophy, atrioventricular conduction defects, or arrhythmias.
❑ Arterial pulsation reveals blunt carotid upstroke with small volume.
❑ Cardiac catheterization demonstrates increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and rules out constrictive pericarditis as the cause of restricted filling.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
aneurysm,ventricular:
Diagnosis
(Handbook of Diseases)
Persistent ventricular arrhythmias, onset of heart failure, or systemic embolization in a patient with left-sided heart failure and a history of MI strongly suggests a ventricular aneurysm. Indicative tests include the following:
Left ventriculography reveals left ventricular enlargement with an area of akinesia or dyskinesia (during cineangiography) and diminished cardiac function.
Electrocardiography may show persistent ST-T wave elevations after an MI.
Chest X-ray may demonstrate an abnormal bulge distorting the heart’s contour if the aneurysm is large; the X-ray may be normal if the aneurysm is small.
Noninvasive nuclear cardiology scan may indicate the site of infarction and suggest the area of aneurysm.
Echocardiography shows abnormal motion in the left ventricular wall.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
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