Prevalence and Incidence of HIV/AIDS
Prevalance of HIV/AIDS:
900,000 Americans (NIAID, quarter are unaware) ... see also overview of HIV/AIDS.
Prevalance Rate:
approx 1 in 302 or 0.33% or 900,000 people in USA [Source statistic for calcuation: "900,000 Americans (NIAID, quarter are unaware)" -- see also general information about data sources]
HIV/AIDS Prevalence: Book Excerpts
Incidence (annual) of HIV/AIDS:
approximately 40,000 annual cases in USA (NIAID) ... see also overview of HIV/AIDS.
Incidence Rate:
approx 1 in 6,800 or 0.01% or 40,000 people in USA [Source statistic for calcuation: "approximately 40,000 annual cases in USA (NIAID)" -- see also general information about data sources]
Incidence extrapolations for USA for HIV/AIDS:
40,000 per year,
3,333 per month,
769 per week,
109 per day,
4 per hour,
0 per minute,
0 per second.
[Source statistic for calculation: "approximately 40,000 annual cases in USA (NIAID)" -- see also general information about data sources]
Undiagnosed prevalence of HIV/AIDS:
estimated 225,000 Americans (based on NIAID 900,000 prevalence with quarter undiagnosed). ... see also misdiagnosis of HIV/AIDS.
Undiagnosed prevalence rate:
approx 1 in 1,208 or 0.08% or 225,000 people in USA [about data] ... Note: this rate calculation uses the following statistic: estimated 225,000 Americans (based on NIAID 900,000 prevalence with quarter undiagnosed).
Prevalance of HIV/AIDS:
From the beginning of the epidemic through the end of 1998,
5,237 American children under age 13 had been reported to the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as living with
HIV/AIDS. (Source: excerpt from Backgrounder - HIV Infection in Infants and Children: NIAID)
...
More than 700,000 cases of AIDS have
been reported in the United States since 1981, and as many as
900,000 Americans may be infected with HIV. (Source: excerpt from HIV Infection and AIDS, An Overview, NIAID Fact Sheet: NIAID)
...
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate
that 850,000 to 950,000 U.S. residents are living with HIV
infection, one-quarter of whom are unaware of their
infection. (Source: excerpt from HIV-AIDS Statistics, NIAID Fact Sheet: NIAID)
Worldwide prevalence of HIV/AIDS:
40 million worldwide with HIV/AIDS 2003 (Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, UNAIDS, 2002); 36.1 million cases worldwide (CBCF Health Organisation, 2004)
Worldwide prevalence of HIV/AIDS:
As of the end of 2001, an estimated 40 million people
worldwide – 37.2 million adults and 2.7 million children younger
than 15 years – were living with HIV/AIDS. More than 70 percent of
these people (28.1 million) live in Sub-Saharan Africa; another 15
percent (6.1 million) live in South and Southeast Asia. (Source: excerpt from HIV-AIDS Statistics, NIAID Fact Sheet: NIAID)
Prevelance of HIV/AIDS discussion:
Backgrounder - HIV Infection in Infants and Children: NIAID (Excerpt)
According to UNAIDS (The Joint United Nations
Programme on HIV/AIDS) and the World Health Organization
(WHO),2,3 at the end of 1998, an estimated 1.2
million children worldwide under age 15 were living with HIV/AIDS.
Approximately 3.2 million children under 15 had died from the virus or
associated causes. The number of children who had lived with HIV from the
start of the epidemic through 1997 was estimated to be 3.8 million. As HIV
infection rates rise in the general population, new infections are
increasingly concentrating in younger age groups.
Statistics for
the year 1998 alone show that
- 590,000 children under age 15 were newly infected with HIV.
- One-tenth of all new HIV infections were in children under age 15.
- Approximately 7,000 young people aged 10 to 24 became infected with
HIV every day-that is, five each minute.
- Nine out of 10 new infections in children under 15 were in
sub-Saharan Africa.
- An estimated 510,000 children under 15 died of AIDS-related causes,
up from 460,000 in 1997.
More than 95 percent of all
HIV-infected people now live in developing countries, which have also
suffered 95 percent of all deaths from AIDS. In countries with the
longest-lived AIDS epidemics, some doctors report that children ill from
HIV occupy three-quarters of pediatric hospital beds, and childrens' life
expectancy has been shortened dramatically. In Botswana, for example,
because of AIDS, the life expectancy of children born early in the next
decade is just over age 40; without AIDS, it would have been 70. In
Namibia, the infant mortality rate is expected to reach 72 deaths per
1000, up from a non-AIDS rate of 45 per 1000.
The United States
has a relatively small percentage of the world's children living with
HIV/AIDS. From the beginning of the epidemic through the end of 1998,
5,237 American children under age 13 had been reported to the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as living with
HIV/AIDS.
4 Three hundred eighty-two cases of
pediatric AIDS were reported in 1998.
5 There are
many more children who are infected with HIV but have not yet developed
AIDS. Half of all new HIV infections reported to the CDC have been in
people younger than 25.
6 One encouraging fact is
that the number of pediatric AIDS cases estimated by the CDC fell by
two-thirds from 1992 to 1997 (947 to 310
cases).
7 The U.S. cities that had the
five highest rates of pediatric AIDS during 1998 were New York City;
Miami, Florida; Newark, New Jersey; Washington, D.C.; and San Juan, Puerto
Rico.
8 The disease disproportionately affects
children in minority groups, especially African
Americans.
9 Out of 8,461 cases in children under
13 reported to the CDC through December 1998, 58 percent were in
blacks/not-Hispanic, 23 percent were in Hispanics, 17.5 percent were in
whites/not-Hispanic, and 5.33 percent were in other minority
groups.
10 According to 1996 data, the
latest available, HIV infection was the seventh leading cause of death for
U.S. children through 14 years of age.
11
However, the CDC reported a drop of 56 percent from 1994 to 1997 in the
estimated number of children who died from
AIDS.
12 New anti-HIV drug therapies and
promotion of voluntary testing are having a major impact. (Source: excerpt from
Backgrounder - HIV Infection in Infants and Children: NIAID)
HIV Infection in Adolescents, NIAID Fact Sheet: NIAID (Excerpt)
Through December 2000, 4,061 cases of AIDS in
people ages 13 through 19 had been reported to the U.S. Centers for
Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC). Many other adolescents are
currently infected with HIV but have not yet developed AIDS. Data
from the 36 states that conduct HIV case surveillance indicate that
among adolescents ages 13 through 19,
- 58 percent were male
- 42 percent were female
- 28 percent were White, not Hispanic
- 50 percent were Black, not Hispanic
- 20 percent were Hispanic
- Asian/Pacific Islander or American Indian/Alaskan Native, less
than 1 percent
Because the average period of time from HIV
infection to the development of AIDS is 10 years, most young adults
with AIDS were likely infected with HIV as adolescents. Almost 18
percent of all reported cases of AIDS in the United States have
occurred in people between the ages of 20 and 29. HIV infection is
the ninth leading cause of death in adults ages 25-44.
(Source: excerpt from
HIV Infection in Adolescents, NIAID Fact Sheet: NIAID)
Incidence of HIV/AIDS:
Approximately 40,000 new HIV infections occur each year in the
United States, about 70 percent among men and 30 percent among
women. Of these newly infected people, half are younger than 25
years of age. (Source: excerpt from HIV-AIDS Statistics, NIAID Fact Sheet: NIAID)
Prevelance statistics for HIV/AIDS:
The following statistics relate to the prevalence of HIV/AIDS:
- 700,000 US cases reported to the CDC since 1981
- Estimated 40 million people worldwide (2001)
- 25.3 million cases in Africa (CBCF Health Organisation, 2004)
- 36.1 million cases worldwide (CBCF Health Organisation, 2004)
- more statistics...»
Incidence statistics for HIV/AIDS:
The following statistics relate to the incidence of HIV/AIDS:
- 42,136 new cases of AIDS in the US 2002 (HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 2002)
- 42,745 new cases of AIDS/HIV occurred annually in the US 2002 (Health, United States, 2003, NCHS, CDC)
- 4 million new cases in Africa (CBCF Health Organisation, 2004)
- 45,104 annual cases of HIV notified in USA 1999 (MMWR 1999)
- Estimated 5 million worldwide new cases for HIV/AIDS 2003 (Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, UNAIDS, 2002)
- HIV incidence statistics for the USA:
- more statistics...»
Death statistics for HIV/AIDS:
The following statistics relate to deaths and HIV/AIDS:
- 14,175 deaths in USA 2001 (American Heart Association, 2004)
- 16,371 deaths from AIDS in the US 2002 (HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 2002)
- AIDS ranked number one cause of death for black adults aged 25-44 in the USA (CBCF Health Organisation, 2004)
- 21.8 million deaths since start of epidemic to 2001 worldwide (Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, UNAIDS, 2002)
- 1 in 3 gay African American men in urban areas USA 2001 (CBCF Health Organisation, 2004)
- 20 million deaths so far worldwide (CBCF Health Organisation, 2004)
- more statistics...»
More Statistics about HIV/AIDS:
Deaths and related statistics
Hospitalization statistics
Cost statistics
All statistics for HIV/AIDS
Prevalence/Incidence of HIV/AIDS: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the prevalence and/or incidence of HIV/AIDS.
Kaposi's sarcoma:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
The exact cause of Kaposi's sarcoma is unknown, but the disease may be related to immunosuppression. Genetic or hereditary predisposition is also suspected. In people with AIDS, Kaposi's sarcoma is caused by an interaction between the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), immune system suppression, and human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8).
Occurrence has been linked with sexual transmission of HIV and HHV-8. Approximately 3 out of every 100,000 people develop Kaposi's sarcoma each year.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
AIDS results from infection with HIV, which has two forms: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Both forms of HIV have the same modes of transmission and similar opportunistic infections associated with AIDS, but studies indicate that HIV-2 develops more slowly and presents with milder symptoms than HIV-1.
Transmission occurs through contact with infected blood or body fluids and is associated with identifiable high-risk behaviors. It’s disproportionately represented in:
❑ homosexual and bisexual men
❑ persons who use illicit I.V. drugs
❑ neonates of infected females
❑ recipients of contaminated blood or blood products (incidence dramatically decreased since mid-1985)
❑ heterosexual partners of persons in the former groups.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
To help prevent vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), infants born to seropositive mothersshould receive zidovudine (ZVT) for the first 6 weeks of life:
What to Do - Take Action
Epidemiology
(Avoiding Common Pediatric Errors)
Perinatal transmission is the most common source of HIV infection among
infants and children in the United States, accounting for >90% of children
withacquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome(AIDS)<13years.IntheUnited
States, the number of infants born with HIV in 2001 was between 280 and
370, compared withapproximately1,000to 2,000neonates withHIVborn in
1991.Duringthesameperiod,thenumberofmotherswithHIVintheUnited
Statesalsoincreased.Muchofthesuccessofthedecliningtransmissionrates,
despiterising number ofpregnant women withHIV, istheresultofincreased
HIV screening of pregnant women and the use of antiretroviral drugs for
both mother and baby.
>
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Avoiding Common Pediatric Errors, 2008
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
HIV infection is transmitted via:
- Sexual contact:
- Male to female transmission more efficient than female to male
- Anal receptive sex more likely to transmit than vaginal sex
- Exposure to infected blood:
- Almost always involves parenteral exposure to infected blood (via transfusions or sharing needles)
- In occupational exposure, risk of transmission from percutaneous exposure to a needle contaminated with HIV-infected blood is 1/300.
- Breast milk:
- Overall risk of breast-feeding is ~15%.
- In countries where breast-feeding is the norm, up to 30% of perinatally acquired HIV infections occur through breast-feeding.
- Perinatally, either in utero or during labor and delivery:
- Of perinatally infected infants, 5–10% are believed infected in utero; the rest acquire the infection around the time of birth.
- Risk of an HIV-infected mother (not on treatment) giving birth to an infected infant is ~20%, with increased rate of transmission for women with low CD4 counts or higher viral titers, and for those who were previously diagnosed with AIDS.
- Vaginal delivery, especially with rupture of membranes >8 hours, appears to increase the risk of infant infection.
- Presence of untreated STDs, chorioamnionitis, and prematurity all increase the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
- HIV is not believed to be transmitted by:
- Bites
- Sharing utensils, bathrooms, bathtubs
- Exposure to urine, feces, vomitus (except where these fluids may be grossly contaminated with blood, and even then transmission is rare, if it happens at all)
- Casual contact in the home, school, or day care center
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Human Papilloma Virus:
Human Papilloma Virus - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- General:
- HPV is the most common viral STI.
- Genital warts and HPV infection are diseases of young adults 16–25 years of age.
- Cervical cancer is the leading cause of female malignancy in the developing world.
- Genital HPV:
- Peak prevalence among women 18–24 years of age
- 20% sexually active adolescents are infected with HPV.
- <1% of adolescents develop genital warts.
- 21% of HPV positive women have low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) on Pap smear.
- 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer diagnosed each year internationally
- RRP:
- RRP impacts 4.3 per 100,000 children, mostly those age 2–3 years.
- 67% of children with RRP are born to mothers who had condyloma during pregnancy.
>
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Immune Deficiency:
Immune Deficiency - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
Immune Deficiency - prevalence
Most common immunodeficiency is IgA deficiency, with an estimated prevalence of 1:500 people:
- 1:3,000 for chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome)
- 1:60,000 for SCID
- 1:200,000 for chronic granulomatous disease
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Acquired Hypothyroidism:
Acquired Hypothyroidism - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
Acquired Hypothyroidism - incidence
- May develop at any age
- Autoimmune thyroid disorders occur more frequently in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Acquired Hypothyroidism - prevalence
Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis prevalence correlates with iodine intake; countries with the highest dietary iodine also have the highest prevalence.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Community-acquired Pneumonia:
Epidemiology
(Pediatric Infectious Disease)
Certain generalizations regarding the etiology of pediatric pneumonia can be
made. Viruses cause most lower respiratory diseases in younger children and
include respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A and B, parainfluenza, and
adenovirus. Respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses have their peak
incidence in the fall and winter months, whereas parainfluenza dominates in the
spring and summer. The presence of wheezing is more common in patients with
viral pneumonia as compared with bacterial disease. Bacterial pathogens
commonly associated with pneumonia include
Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Many clinicians consider bacterial pneumonia, particularly S. pneumoniae, to be the likely cause of lower respiratory infection if the clinical history
is characterized by acute onset of symptoms such as cough and high fever. In
regard to the atypical pathogens, there is an age-related decline in the
incidence of viral pneumonia accompanied by an increased incidence of these
infections as children approach adolescence.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Infectious Disease, 2004
About prevalence and incidence statistics:
The term 'prevalence' of HIV/AIDS usually refers to the estimated population
of people who are managing HIV/AIDS at any given time.
The term 'incidence' of HIV/AIDS refers to the annual diagnosis rate,
or the number of new cases of HIV/AIDS diagnosed each year.
Hence, these two statistics types can differ:
a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence,
but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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