... Prerenal azotemia
Hypovolemia
Hemorrhage
Gastrointestinal losses
Sweating
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... Glomerulopathy, primary renal*
Glomerulopathy associated with systemic disease*
Interstitial disease†
Urinary tract obstruction
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... Infection, upper or lower urinary tract
Obstruction
Volume depletion
Drugs, toxins
Congestive heart failure
Hypertension
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... Signs and Symptoms Oliguria, azotemia, anuria, electrolyte imbalances, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, stomatitis, uremic breath, headache, drowsiness, irritability, confusion, neuropathy, seizures, coma, pruritus,... Treatment (Tx)
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... Chronic renal failure is usually the end result of a gradually progressive loss of renal function; occasionally, it’s the result of a rapidly progressive disease of sudden onset. Few symptoms develop until after more than 75% of glomerular filtration is lost; then the... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... The kidneys are located retroperitoneally in the lumbar area, with the right kidney a little lower than the left because of the liver mass above it. The left kidney is slightly longer than the right and closer to the midline. The kidneys assume different locations as the body position... Ureters ... Nephrons ... Innervation and vasculature ... Homeostasis ... Clearance measures function ... Water regulation ... Clinical assessment ... Physical examination for renal disease ... Noninvasive tests and monitoring ... Treatment methods ... Pictures
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... Obstruction, reduced circulation, and renal parenchymatous disease can all cause sudden interruption of kidney function. Acute renal failure is usually reversible with medical treatment; otherwise, it may progress to end-stage renal disease, uremic... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Although chronic renal failure is usually the result of a gradually progressive loss of renal function, it occasionally results from a rapidly progressive disease of sudden onset. Few symptoms develop until after more than 75% of glomerular filtration is lost; then, the remaining... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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