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Is the discharge unilateral or bilateral? If it is unilateral and watery or bloody, one should look for a neoplasm in the breast. If it is bilateral and milky, one should look for the various conditions that cause ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Breast pain (or mastalgia) is a common complaint that can often be diagnosed by a careful history and physical examination. Pain and tenderness may be normal during early pregnancy and before menses. Breast discharge, however, is rarely normal except in pregnant or... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... A purulent discharge from the breast, just like a purulent discharge from any other body orifice, should signify inflammation (mastitis or breast abscess), yet this is not the most common cause of a nonbloody discharge from the breast. Obviously, the most common cause is lactation.
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... Nipple discharge can occur spontaneously or can be elicited by nipple stimulation. It’s characterized as intermittent or constant, unilateral or bilateral, and by color, consistency, and composition. Its incidence increases with age and parity. This sign rarely occurs (but is more... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Nipple retraction, the inward displacement of the nipple below the level of surrounding breast tissue, may indicate an inflammatory breast lesion or cancer. It results from scar tissue formation within a lesion or large mammary duct. As the scar tissue shortens, it pulls adjacent... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Usually a late sign of breast cancer, peau d’orange (orange peel skin) is the edematous thickening and pitting of breast skin. This slowly developing sign can also occur with breast or axillary lymph node infection, erysipelas, or Graves’disease. Its striking... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... A commonly reported gynecologic sign, a breast nodule has two chief causes: benign breast disease and cancer. Benign breast disease, the leading cause of nodules, can stem from cyst formation in obstructed and dilated lactiferous ducts, hypertrophy or tumor formation in... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Galactorrhea
Hyperprolactinemia
Normoprolactinemic galactorrhea
Idiopathic galactorrhea with menses
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... Primarily a disease of older adults, cancer is second only to cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death in the United States (more than 560,000 deaths annually). More than 67% of patients who die of cancer are older than age 65. The most common cancers in the United... What causes cancer? ... Immune response ... Diagnostic methods ... Staging and grading ... Five major therapies ... Maintaining nutrition and fluid balance ... If the patient can't eat ... Total parenteral nutrition ... Pain control critical ... The hospice approach ... Psychological aspects ... Pictures
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... Breast cancer occurs more commonly in the left breast than the right and more commonly in the outer upper quadrant. Growth rates vary. Theoretically, slow-growing breast cancer may take up to 8 years to become palpable at 1 cm. It spreads by way of the lymphatic system and the bloodstream,... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Malignant spinal neoplasms may be any one of many tumor types similar to intracranial tumors; they involve the cord or its roots and, if untreated, can eventually cause paralysis. As primary tumors, they originate in the meningeal coverings, the parenchyma of the cord or... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Mastitis (parenchymatous inflammation of the mammary glands) and breast engorgement (congestion) are disorders that may affect lactating females. The prognosis for both disorders is good.
Causes and incidence
... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Nipple discharge can occur spontaneously or can be elicited by nipple stimulation. It’s characterized as intermittent or constant, unilateral or bilateral, and by color, consistency, and composition. Its incidence increases with age and... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Nipple retraction, the inward displacement of the nipple below the level of surrounding breast tissue, may indicate an inflammatory breast lesion or cancer. It results from scar tissue formation within a lesion or large mammary duct. As the scar... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Usually a late sign of breast cancer, peau d’orange (orange peel skin) is the edematous thickening and pitting of breast skin. This slowly developing sign can also occur with breast or axillary lymph node infection, erysipelas, or Graves’disease. Its striking... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... A commonly reported gynecologic sign, a breast nodule has two chief causes: benign breast disease and cancer. Benign breast disease, the leading cause of nodules, can stem from cyst formation in obstructed and dilated lactiferous ducts, hypertrophy or... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Joyce A. Copeland
Approach The evaluation of a nipple discharge in the nonpregnant female patient helps determine if the cause is physiologic, pathologic, or is a “pseudodischarge,” and to assess the risk of malignancy. ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment (1,2)
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... Differential Overview
Breast Mass
❑ Fibrocystic disease
❑ Fibroadenoma
❑ Breast cancer
❑ Intraductal papilloma ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women and is the number two killer (after lung cancer) of women ages 35 to 54. It occurs in men, though only rarely. (See Breast cancer in men.) The overall breast cancer death rate for American women has fallen. Lymph... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Nipple discharge can occur spontaneously or can be elicited by nipple stimulation. It’s characterized as intermittent or constant, as unilateral or bilateral, and by color, consistency, and composition. Its incidence increases with age and... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Nipple retraction, the inward displacement of the nipple below the level of surrounding breast tissue, may indicate an inflammatory breast lesion or cancer. It results from scar tissue formation within a lesion or large mammary duct. As the scar tissue shortens, it pulls adjacent... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Usually a late sign of breast cancer, peau d’orange (orange peel skin) is the edematous thickening and pitting of breast skin. This slowly developing sign can also occur with breast or axillary lymph node infection, erysipelas, or Graves’disease. Its striking orange peel... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... A commonly reported gynecologic sign, a breast nodule (also known as a breast lump) has two chief causes: benign breast disease and cancer. Benign breast disease, the leading cause of nodules, can stem from cyst formation in obstructed and dilated lactiferous ducts,... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Nipple discharge can occur spontaneously or can be elicited by nipple stimulation. It's characterized as intermittent or constant, unilateral or bilateral, and by color, consistency, and composition. Its incidence increases with age and parity. This sign rarely... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Nipple retraction, the inward displacement of the nipple below the level of surrounding breast tissue, may indicate an inflammatory breast lesion or cancer. It results from scar tissue formation within a lesion or large mammary duct. As the scar tissue shortens, it... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Usually a late sign of breast cancer, peau d'orange (orange peel skin) is the edematous thickening and pitting of breast skin. This slowly developing sign can also occur with breast or axillary lymph node infection, erysipelas, or Graves'disease. Its striking... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A commonly reported gynecologic sign, a breast nodule has two chief causes: benign breast disease and cancer. Benign breast disease, the leading cause of nodules, can stem from cyst formation in obstructed and dilated lactiferous ducts, hypertrophy or tumor formation in the ductal... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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A purulent discharge from the breast, just like a purulent discharge
from any other body orifice, should signify inflammation (mastitis or breast
abscess), yet this is not the most common cause of a nonbloody discharge
from the breast. Obviously,... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
As with virtually any medication, the benefits of hormonal therapy for breast cancer always come with the risk of side effects. At this year's...
Hormonal therapy has progressed steadily since it was introduced as treatment for breast cancer, and this year was no exception. At the 24th Annual...
Hormonal therapy is a well-established option in the treatment of breast cancer, but researchers are still learning how to use it more effectively in...
There are a variety of factors that determine what treatments doctors suggest for breast cancer. One crucial aspect of any breast cancer is whether...